How to prolong lithium batteries
How to prolong lithium-based batteries
battery research are focusing heavily on lithium chemistry, so much so that one could assume that all portable devices are battery powered Li-ion in the future. In many ways, lithium-ion is superior to nickel and lead-based chemicals and applications for lithium ion batteries are grow as a result.
Lithium ion has not yet matured and is being improved continuously. new metal and chemical combinations are being tried every six months to increase energy density and prolong life. The improvements in longevity after each change will not be known until a few years.
A lithium ion battery provides 300-500 discharge / charge cycles. The battery prefers a partial rather than a full discharge. Frequent full discharges should be avoided whenever possible. Instead, charge the battery more often or use a larger battery. There is no concern of memory for the application fee schedule.
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Although lithium-ion is memory-free in terms of deterioration performance, batteries with fuel gauges exhibit what engineers call "digital memory". Here's why: downloads short with being recharged not provide the periodic calibration needed to synchronize the fuel gauge with the battery state of charge. A deliberate release complete and recharge every 30 charges corrects this problem. Allow the battery is reduced to the cutoff point in the team will. If ignored, the fuel gauge will increasingly less accurate. (Read more in 'Choosing the right battery for portable computing, "the second part.)
Aging of lithium-ion is an issue that is often overlooked. A lithium ion battery in use typically lasts between 2-3 years. The capacity loss manifests itself in increasing internal resistance due to oxidation. Finally, the cell resistance reaches a point at which the package can not provide the energy stored in spite of the battery may still have a large office. For this reason, an old battery can be kept longer in applications that draw low current compared to a function that demands heavy loads. Increasing internal resistance with cycle life and age is typical for cobalt-based lithium-ion battery, a system used for mobile phones, cameras and laptops because of high energy density. The lower energy dense manganese-based lithium ion, also known as spinel, maintains the internal resistance through its life but loses capacity due to chemical decomposition. Spinel is primarily used for power tools.
The speed with which lithium-ion ages is governed by the temperature and charge state. Figure 1 illustrates the capacity loss of function of these two parameters.
High charge levels and elevated temperatures hasten permanent capacity loss. Improvements in chemistry have increased the storage performance of lithium ion batteries.
The mention of limited life lithium-ion has caused concern the battery industry and I have to add some clarification. Let me explain:
If someone asks how long they live human beings, we soon discover that longevity varies depending on lifestyle and living conditions that exist in different countries. Similar conditions exist with the batteries, lithium-ion in particular. From BatteryUniversity bases its information on users' perception versus scientific information derived from a research laboratory, the results can differ in longevity manufacturer's specifications. Consider briefly the different living conditions of the lithium-ion battery.
The worst situation is a battery maintenance fully loaded at high temperatures, that is the case with running laptop batteries. If used on main power, the battery inside a computer laptop will only last for 12-18 months. I hasten to explain that the package does not die suddenly but begins with reduced run times.
The voltage level at which the cells are charged also plays an important role in longevity. For security reasons, most lithium ions can not exceed 4.20 volts per cell. While a higher voltage capability increases, the disadvantage is lower life cycle. Figure 2 shows the cycle of life in terms of charging voltage.
There are no remedies to restore lithium-ion once worn out. A momentary improvement in performance is noticeable when the battery is heated. This reduces the internal resistance momentarily but the condition returns to its previous state when the temperature low. Cold temperatures will increase the internal resistance.
If possible, store the battery in a cool to a 40% load condition. Some reserve charge is needed to keep the battery and its protection circuit operational during prolonged storage. Avoid storing the battery at full load at high temperature. This is the case when of a cell phone or spare battery in a hot car. Running a laptop in the network has a similar temperature problem. While keep the battery fully charged, the inside temperature during operation rises to 45 ° C (113 ° F).
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Removing the battery from the laptop when running on fixed power protects the battery from heat. With concern of the battery overheating and causing fire, a spokesman for the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission advises to eject the battery of laptops affected and to run the machines on a power cord. It should be noted that in a power outage, unsaved work will be lost.
The question is often asked, if the laptop is disconnected from the main when not in use? Under normal circumstances it should not matter with lithium-ion battery. Once the battery is fully charged, no charge is applied. However, there is always the concern is a malfunction of the AC adapter, laptop or the battery.
A large number of lithium ion batteries for mobile phones are discarded under the warranty return policy. Some batteries are not sent to service centers or the manufacturer, which rehabilitates. Studies show that 80% -90% of returned batteries can be repaired and back in service.
Some lithium-ion batteries fail due to low discharge. If discharged below 2.5 volts per cell, the internal circuit Safety is opened and the battery dead. A load with the original charger is no longer possible. Some battery analyzers (Cadex) have a function of momentum reactivates the protection circuit and a battery allows a recharge. However, if the cell voltage has fallen below 1.5V/cell and has remained in that state for a few months, a recharge should be avoided for safety reasons. To prevent failure, never store the battery fully discharged. Apply some charge before storage, and then fully charge before use.
All personal computers (and some other electronic devices) contain a battery for memory back security. This battery is commonly a small non-rechargeable lithium battery, which provides a small current when the device is off. The computer uses battery to retain certain information when the power is off. This is the BIOS settings, date and time, and resource allocation for Plug and Play systems. Storage does shorten the life of the battery back a few years. Some say 1-2 years. By keeping the computer connected to the principal, though off a battery in the PC motherboard should be good for 5-7 years. A PC should give early warning when the battery has low. A backup battery died erase the volatile memory and erase certain settings. After replacing the battery, the PC again be operational.
The longevity of high-power lithium ion
Generally speaking, batteries live longer if treated in a gentle manner. High voltage load level of overload and extreme load conditions will have a negative effect and shorten its duration. This also applies to the high current rate of ion battery lithium.
Not only is it better to charge the lithium-ion battery at a slower rate of loading, high discharge rates also contribute the extra wear use. Figure 3 shows the life cycle depending on the loading and unloading charges. Observe laboratory performance if the battery is charged and discharged at 1C. (A loading and unloading 0.5 ° C could further improve this classification.)
Battery experts agree where life lithium-ion depends on other factors of loading and unloading charges. Despite incremental improvements can be achieved with careful use of the battery, our environment and necessary services are not always conducive to achieve optimal battery life. The longevity of a battery is often the direct result of environmental stress applied.
Simple Guidelines
- Avoid frequent full discharges because this puts additional pressure on the battery. Several partial discharges with frequent recharges are better for lithium-ion than one deep. Charging a lithium-ion battery partially charged, is not harmful, because no memory. (In this respect, lithium-ion differs from nickel-cadmium batteries.) Short battery life on a laptop is mainly caused by heat rather than charge / discharge patterns.
- Batteries with fuel gauge (laptops) should be calibrated by applying of a deliberate full discharge once every 30 charges. The package execution on the computer doing this. If ignored, the fuel gauge will become increasingly less accurate and in some cases cut off the device prematurely.
- Keep fresh lithium-ion battery. Avoid a hot car. For prolonged storage, keep the battery a load level of 40%.
- Consider removing the battery from a laptop when running on fixed power. (Some laptop manufacturers are concerned about the accumulation of dust and moisture into the casing of the battery.)
- Avoid purchasing spare battery lithium ion for future use. Observe manufacturing dates. Do not buy old stock, even if sold at clearance prices.
If you have a rechargeable lithium ion replacement, use a hard and keep the other cool by placing it in the refrigerator. Do not freeze the battery. For best results, store the battery at 40% charge status.
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